History of Ancient Israel

Israel and Judah were related Iron Age kingdoms of the ancient Levant. The Kingdom of Israel emerged as an important local power by the 10th century BCE before falling to the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 722 BCE. Israel's southern neighbor, the Kingdom of Judah, emerged in the 8th or 9th century BCE[1] and enjoyed a period of prosperity as a client-state of first Assyria and then Babylon before a revolt against the Neo-Babylonian Empire led to its destruction in 586 BCE. Following the fall of Babylon to the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE, some Judean exiles returned to Jerusalem, inaugurating the formative period in the development of a distinctive Judahite identity in the Persian province of Yehud. Yehud was absorbed into the subsequent Hellenistic kingdoms that followed the conquests of Alexander the Great, but in the 2nd century BCE the Judaeans revolted against the Hellenist Seleucid Empire and created the Hasmonean kingdom. This, the last nominally independent Judean kingdom, came to an end in 63 BCE with its conquest by Pompey of Rome. With the installation of client kingdoms under the Herodian Dynasty, the Kingdom of Israel was wracked by civil disturbances which culminated in the First Jewish–Roman War, the destruction of the Temple, the emergence of Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity.

Israel dan Yehuda adalah berkaitan kerajaan Iron Age of Levant purba. Kerajaan Israel muncul sebagai kuasa tempatan yang penting menjelang abad ke-10 SM sebelum jatuh kepada Empayar Neo-Assyria pada tahun 722 SM. jiran selatan Israel, Kerajaan Yehuda, muncul pada abad SM ke-8 atau 9 [1] dan seronok tempoh kemakmuran sebagai pelanggan-negeri pertama Asyur dan kemudian Babylon sebelum pemberontakan terhadap Neo-Babylonian Empire membawa kepada kemusnahan pada 586 BCE. Berikutan kejatuhan Babel kepada raja Parsi Cyrus yang Agung pada 539 SM, beberapa orang buangan Yehuda kembali ke Yerusalem, merasmikan tempoh formatif dalam pembangunan identiti Yehuda sambil tersendiri di wilayah Parsi Yehud. Yehud telah diserap ke dalam kerajaan-kerajaan Yunani berikutnya yang mengikuti penaklukan Alexander the Great, tetapi dalam abad ke-2 SM yang Judaeans memberontak terhadap Seleucid Empire Hellenisme dan dicipta Kerajaan Hasmonea. Ini, kerajaan Yehuda ukuran bebas lepas, berakhir di 63 SM dengan penaklukan oleh Pompey Rom. Dengan pemasangan kerajaan pelanggan di bawah Dinasti Herodian, Kerajaan Israel telah didera oleh gangguan ketenteraman awam yang berakhir dengan Yahudi-Rom Perang Pertama, pemusnahan Kaabah, kemunculan Rabbinik agama Yahudi dan Kristian Awal.